Implications of Ocean Stratification with Climate Change and El Niño Introduction Ocean stratification refers to the layering of water masses in the ocean, which is primarily driven by variations in temperature (thermocline), salinity (halocline), and density (pycnocline). With climate change, the degree of ocean stratification is increasing, which has significant implications for marine ecosystems, global climate patterns, and the occurrence and intensity of phenomena like El Niño. This paper explores these implications, emphasizing how rising global temperatures and altered oceanic circulation are impacting the ocean’s stratification and, subsequently, the Earth’s climate system. Ocean Stratification and Climate Change As global temperatures

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